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                  <text>Gendered Dimensions of Genocide - Fall 2024 (HIST 27/127)</text>
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                <text>Rwandan Genocide</text>
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                <text>Jacqueline Hangenimana, a girl from Cellule Muremure, Munanira Sector of Commune Masango in Gitarama Prefecture, describes how killing in the 1994 Rwandan genocide mainly started in Kibuye prefecture and how many refugees from that prefecture had wounds that were inflicted by gangs using machetes. Her home was destroyed and her family's livestock was looted and she was forced to flee to Nzuki Catholic Parish. She hid in a thicket, then went to relatives but was still not safe. She then decided to seek refuge in a church in Commune Mukingi. The church was attacked and people inside were killed. A Hutu took her in but she tells that she was mistreated, insulted often, and even tortured. Her uncle was forced to dig a hole, which he was thrown into then covered up to his head. He was then clubbed until he died. The Hutu family later escaped with her to Kibuye since the RPF Inkotanyi was coming. At the end of the genocide, Jacqueline was taken to an orphanage.</text>
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                <text>Ikuba</text>
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                <text>USF Libraries Holocaust &amp; Genocide Studies Center</text>
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                <text>1994, 1999</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>http://genocide.lib.usf.edu/node/1354</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>Kinyarwanda</text>
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                  <text>Gendered Dimensions of Genocide - Fall 2024 (HIST 27/127)</text>
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                <text>Penal Reform International</text>
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                <text>The elements presented in this report were collected between August 2007 and January 2008. The report itself was written before the publication of Organic Law Nr. 13/2008 of 19 May 2008 amending and expanding Organic Law Nr 16/2004 of 19 June 2004 establishing the organisation, competence and functioning of Gacaca Courts charged with the prosecution and trying of the perpetrators of the crime of genocide and other crimes against humanity, committed between October 1, 1990 and December 31, 1994 as amended and complemented up to this date (Official Journal of 1 June 2008). All references to “the new Organic Bill” or “the future Gacaca Act” therefore should be read as references to Organic Law 13/2008, which at the time of writing this report had not yet been published.</text>
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                <text>Penal Reform International&#13;
(https://cdn.penalreform.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Gacaca-Report-11-testimony-and-evidence-1.pdf)</text>
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                  <text>Gendered Dimensions of Genocide - Fall 2024 (HIST 27/127)</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Jewish women at forced labor on "Industry Street" in the Plaszow concentration camp.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Raimund Titsch</text>
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                <text>Jewish women at forced labor on "Industry Street" in the Plaszow concentration camp. The two women on the far right have been identified as Dora Lewkovitch and her mother Pola Lewkovitch</text>
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                <text>Provenance: Leopold Page Photographic Collection&#13;
Instytut Pamieci Narodowej</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>1943 - 1944</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="32979">
                <text>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa5117)</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Gendered Dimensions of Genocide - Fall 2024 (HIST 27/127)</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Women in the barracks of the newly liberated Auschwitz concentration camp.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Taken by the film unit of the First Ukrainian Front. Alexander Voronzow interview, Chronos-Films, The Liberation of Auschwitz, 1986</text>
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                <text>The Soviet film about the liberation of Auschwitz was shot over a period of several months beginning on January 27, 1945, the day of liberation. It consists of both staged and unrehearsed footage of Auschwitz survivors (adults and children) taken in the first hours and days of their liberation, as well as scenes of their evacuation, which took place weeks or months later. The film includes the first inspection of the camp by Soviet war crimes investigators, as well as the initial medical examination of the survivors by Soviet physicians. It also records the public burial ceremony that took place on February 28, 1945 for Auschwitz victims who died just before and after the liberation. The order to make the film was issued by Mikhael Oschurkow, head of the photography unit, and was carried out by Alexander Voronzow and others in his group. Eighteen minutes of the film was introduced as evidence at the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. Another segment of the film disappeared for forty years before resurfacing in Moscow in 1986.</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Alexander Voronzow interview, Chronos-Films, The Liberation of Auschwitz, 1986</text>
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                <text>1986 (ca.)</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="32981">
                <text>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park (https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa14269)</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Gendered Dimensions of Genocide - Fall 2024 (HIST 27/127)</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Haika Grosman</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Haika Grosman, one of the organizers of the Bialystok ghetto underground and participant in the Bialystok ghetto revolt. Poland, 1945.</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="32934">
                <text>Moreshet Mordechai Anilevich Memorial</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="32982">
                <text>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/haika-grosman)</text>
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                <text>According to the Zentrale Stelle in Germany (Zst. II 204 AR 1218/70), these Jews were collected by the German Gendarmerie and Ukrainian Schutzmannschaft during the liquidation of the Mizocz ghetto, which held roughly 1,700 Jews. On the eve of the ghetto's liquidation (13 October 1942), some of the inhabitants rose up against the Germans and were defeated after a short battle. The remaining members of the community were transported from the ghetto to this ravine in the Sdolbunov Gebietskommissariat, south of Rovno, where they were executed. Information regarding this action, including the photos, were acquired from a man named Hille, who was the Bezirks-Oberwachtmeister of the Gendarmerie at the time. Hille apparently gave the five photos (there were originally seven) to the company lawyer of a textile firm in Kunert, Czechoslovakia, where he worked as a doorman after the war. The Czech government confiscated the photos from the lawyer in 1946 and they subsequently became public. That the photos indeed show the shooting of Jews in connection with the liquidation of the ghetto was also confirmed by a statement of Gendarmerie-Gebietsfuehrer Josef Paur in 1961.</text>
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                <text>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Instytut Pamieci Narodowej; https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1065469</text>
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                <text>On April 19, 1945, a freight train with nearly 4,500 prisoners from Buchenwald pulled onto the railroad siding at Nammering. The train had been destined for Dachau, but at Plattling it was diverted towards Nammering because of damage to the railroad caused by Allied bombing. Once in Nammering, some of the local inhabitants attempted to give the prisoners food and water, but these provisions were stolen by the 150 SS and police officers guarding the train. The commanding officer in charge, Lieutenant Hans Meerbach, ordered during the halt that the bodies of the dead be removed from the train and cremated. This work proceeded too slowly for him, however, and prisoners were forced to carry the bodies of the dead to a nearby mass grave in a ravine roughly 500 yards from the train. There the prisoners carrying the corpses were shot by the guards and they were also buried in the grave. Altogether 524 prisoners were shot and nearly 800 were interred in the mass grave. The bodies were then covered with lime and the grave was flooded to speed up decomposition. Those 3,100 prisoners who had remained on the train were sent on to Dachau, where they were liberated. After the discovery of the site by U.S. troops on April 28, the ranking American officer in the area forced SS men collected from a nearby POW camp to exhume the corpses and lay them out on either side of the ravine above the mass grave. The inhabitants of Nammering were then ordered to walk through the gravesite, and the bodies were buried in the surrounding towns of Eging am See, Aicha vom Wald, Nammering, and Fuerstenstein.</text>
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                <text>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park; https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa6142</text>
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                  <text>Gendered Dimensions of Genocide - Fall 2024 (HIST 27/127)</text>
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                <text>Fanny Schertzer</text>
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                  <text>Gendered Dimensions of Genocide - Fall 2024 (HIST 27/127)</text>
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                <text>1994 Rwandan genocide testimony by Jacqueline Hagenimana</text>
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                <text>Hagenimana, Jacqueline</text>
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                <text>Rwandan Genocide</text>
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                <text>Ibuka, Jacqueline Hagenimana</text>
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                <text>University of South Florida Tampa Library, http://genocide.lib.usf.edu/node/1354</text>
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                <text>Kinyarwanda</text>
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