A map of the regions in California with gold.
New York: Georg F. Nesbitt, lith., 1850.
The first flag of the California Republic was formed in 1846, following the rebellion of a group of illegal American immigrants against the Mexican government. After learning of the state of the Mexican-American War, these settlers formed an alliance to help aid the U.S. military. Indigenous people additionally aided American forces as scouts, translators, and wranglers, despite the fact that the U.S. Army Forces had murdered many natives in attacks prior. Following this, Mexican rule collapsed in 1847, and upon learning that slave-traders had been appointed positions of power as Indian sub-agents, natives continued their interior stock-raiding attacks. As a result, the nearby governments placed restrictions that required natives to carry employment certificates.
A black-and-white photograph showing children preparing bags of food to be distributed through the Panther Free Food Program at the Black Panther Community Survival Conference in Oakland, California. Four (4) children, two (2) boys and two (2) girls, are placing bags of puffed wheat cereal into brown paper grocery bags that have been organized in rows.
Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture
Pinback button for the Black Panther Party
Black and orange with orange lettering pin-back. There is an image of a black panther in a circle surrounded by the words: ALL POWER TO / THE PEOPLE.
Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Ellen Siegel
55-mile planned road stretch between the towns of Gasquet and Orleans which cut into sacred indigenous land.
Black and white poster of Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
A framed black and white poster of Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in front of the storefront headquarters of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California. Both men are wearing berets and leather jackets and are armed with assault rifles. Below the image is this quote from Newton: [The racist dog policemen must withdraw immediately from our communities, cease their wanton murder and brutality and torture of black people, or face the wrath of the armed people]
In 1823, the Mexican Republic replaced the Spanish with the rule over the area. Colonial citizens had permits to the parts of the land, which claimed about 1/6 of the territory. Even though the original missions were only supposed to be in place for 10 years, missionaries continued to fight against surrendering their land back to the natives. The original plan was that after "conversions," the natives would become citizens of Mexico, and the missions and the land they were on would be given back to them. In 1824, however, the Mexican Republic's constitution gave Natives the right to vote and hold public office positions. Still, the natives were often treated as slaves. Despite this, the new Mexican government gave 51 land grants to its citizens, which, in actuality, belonged to native tribes that were forcibly moved to missions. The colonial ranchers still had a growing desire to gain more native land. Between 1834 - 1836, the Mexican government disallowed the colonial settlers to use natives for labor and concocted a plan to redistribute the land that the missions were erected on. This entire system was corrupt, as politicians gave themselves and their families the most valuable regions of land, leaving not much for the actual natives of the land. Further, only a few natives from the missions were eligible to get the redistributed land, and, since many were moved from the regions they were native to in order to provide labor for the mission areas, they were unfamiliar with the area. The Native Americans who did end up returning to the lands that they were originally from witnessed the devastation of population decline, due to disease, and environmental degradation from new, invasive species. Former fugitives from missions banded to fight against Mexican militant attacks and slave-hunting raids, using their power to create organized resistance against Mexican ranchers and the government. Out of fear of their growing power, the Mexican government auctioned off 762 more land grants by 1847. As a result, natives continued to commit stock raids of the lands, which affected the owners so much so that ranchers asked the Mexican government to repurchase their land as a result. Still, even with the success of their communal effort, the native population was declining due to epidemics from diseases brought over by the colonizers. Another factor of the immense native population degradation was the forced labor and violence against them by Mexican military and slave-hunting raids.
In 1769, Spanish Franciscan priest, Junipero Serra, was sent by the Spanish to establish a mission in California to extend Spanish hold into "Alta California." The first of 21 coastal missions, Mission San Diego de Alcala was created to establish a presence in the Pacific Coast as a result of the growing rule of British and Russians in the area. Within 5 weeks of the Franciscans' arrival in 1769, the Kumeyaay tribe in San Diex, burning it to the ground, and killed the local father as well. This was done as a result of many things, one being the mistreatment of the native woman, who were used as property of the Spanish militia. From the Spanish perspective, these missions were political, religious, and cultural successes. They served to colonize the area and baptize Native Americans. Despite this view of the California missions, they had other uses, The Franciscans were accompanied by armed Spanish soldiers which were used to intimidate the locals. Additionally, the onslaught of European diseases affected many natives who then sought help from the settlers. These missions were enlisted with the task of "converting" the Native Californians in a 10-year period. The main directive was to "educate" the natives" so they could become "working-class citizens of the Spanish Empire." The coastal land was stolen and the people were forced to work for the Spanish. Still, the "converts" practiced their old rituals in secret and worshipped their old deities. Many tribes revolted together against the priests and missions as at the Mission San Diego de Alcala.
The ARDA (Association of Religion Data Archives)