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0:58&#13;
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1:03&#13;
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some among them were potentially danger. No one&#13;
1:12&#13;
knew what would happen among this&#13;
1:13&#13;
concentrated population if Japanese forces&#13;
1:16&#13;
should try to invade our shores. Military&#13;
1:20&#13;
authorities therefore determined that all of them -&#13;
1:22&#13;
citizens and aliens alike - would have to move.&#13;
1:25&#13;
This picture tells how the mass migration was&#13;
1:28&#13;
accomplished. Neither the army nor the War&#13;
1:31&#13;
Relocation Authority relished the idea of taking&#13;
1:34&#13;
men, women, and children from their homes, their&#13;
1:36&#13;
shops and their farms, so the military and civilian&#13;
1:39&#13;
agencies alike determined to do the job as a&#13;
1:42&#13;
democracy should - with real consideration for the&#13;
1:45&#13;
people involved. First attention was given to the&#13;
1:48&#13;
problems of sabotage and espionage. Now (pointing to a location on a map), here in San&#13;
1:53&#13;
Francisco, for example, convoys were being made&#13;
1:56&#13;
up within site of possible access agents. (Music)&#13;
2:01&#13;
There were more Japanese in Los Angeles than in any&#13;
2:04&#13;
other area. In nearby San Pedro, houses and hotels,&#13;
2:08&#13;
occupied almost most exclusively by Japanese,&#13;
2:10&#13;
were within a stone's throw of a Naval airbase.&#13;
2:14&#13;
Shipyards, oil wells. Japanese fishermen had every&#13;
2:21&#13;
opportunity to watch the movement of our ships.&#13;
2:25&#13;
Japanese farmers were living close to vital aircraft&#13;
2:28&#13;
plants. So in first step, all Japanese were required&#13;
2:32&#13;
to move from critical areas such as these. But, of course&#13;
2:35&#13;
this limited evacuation was a solution to only part&#13;
2:38&#13;
of the problem. The larger problem, the&#13;
2:41&#13;
uncertainty of what would happen among these&#13;
2:43&#13;
people in case of a Japanese invasion, still&#13;
2:46&#13;
remained. That is why the commanding general of&#13;
2:49&#13;
the Western Defense Command, determined that all&#13;
2:52&#13;
Japanese within the coastal areas should move inland.&#13;
2:56&#13;
Immediately, the Army began mapping evacuation&#13;
2:57&#13;
areas and for a time, encouraged the Japanese to&#13;
3:00&#13;
leave voluntarily. The trouble for the voluntary&#13;
3:03&#13;
evacuee soon threatened their new locations. So&#13;
3:07&#13;
the program was quickly put on a planned and&#13;
3:10&#13;
protected basis. Thereafter, the American citizen,&#13;
3:12&#13;
Japanese and Japanese aliens, made plans in&#13;
3:15&#13;
accordance with orders (??).&#13;
3:17&#13;
Notices were posted. All persons of Japanese&#13;
3:20&#13;
descent were required to register.&#13;
3:24&#13;
They gathered in their own churches and schools,&#13;
3:26&#13;
and the Japanese themselves cheerfully handled the&#13;
3:29&#13;
enormous paperwork involved in the migration.&#13;
3:32&#13;
Civilian physicians made preliminary medical&#13;
3:35&#13;
examinations. Government agencies helped in a&#13;
3:37&#13;
hundred ways. They helped the evacuees find&#13;
3:40&#13;
tenants for their farms. They helped businessmen&#13;
3:44&#13;
lease, sell or store their property. This aid was financed&#13;
3:48&#13;
by the government, the quick disposal of property&#13;
3:50&#13;
often involved financial sacrifice for the&#13;
3:53&#13;
evacuees. Now the actual migration got under way.&#13;
4:00&#13;
The army provided fleets of vans to transport&#13;
4:02&#13;
household belongings...and buses to move the&#13;
4:06&#13;
people to assembly centers. The evacuees&#13;
4:09&#13;
cooperated wholeheartedly, and any loyal&#13;
4:12&#13;
among them, felt that this was a sacrifice they&#13;
4:14&#13;
could make in behalf of America's war effort.&#13;
4:18&#13;
♪ (Music) ♪&#13;
4:21&#13;
Small towns, as well as large, up and down the coast.&#13;
4:24&#13;
The moving continued. ♪ (Music)&#13;
4:35&#13;
Behind them, they left shops and homes they had&#13;
4:38&#13;
occupied for many years.&#13;
4:40&#13;
♪ (Music) ♪&#13;
4:52&#13;
Their fishing fleets were impounded and left&#13;
4:54&#13;
under guard. Now, they were taken to racetracks&#13;
4:59&#13;
and fairgrounds, where the Army almost&#13;
5:01&#13;
overnight had built assembly centers. They&#13;
5:03&#13;
lived here until new pioneer communities could&#13;
5:06&#13;
be completed on federally-owned lands in the interior.&#13;
5:09&#13;
♪ (Music) ♪&#13;
5:12&#13;
Santa Anita racetrack, for example, suddenly&#13;
5:14&#13;
became a community of about 17,000 persons.&#13;
5:17&#13;
The Army provided housing, and plenty of&#13;
5:20&#13;
healthful, nourishing food for all.&#13;
5:26&#13;
The residents of the new community set about&#13;
5:28&#13;
developing a way of life as nearly normal as possible.&#13;
5:31&#13;
They held church services: Protestant, Catholic&#13;
5:35&#13;
and Buddhist. They issued their own newspaper,&#13;
5:38&#13;
organized nursery schools, and some made camouflage&#13;
5:41&#13;
nets for the United States Army.&#13;
5:46&#13;
Meanwhile, in Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming and elsewhere,&#13;
5:51&#13;
quarters were being built where they would have an&#13;
5:53&#13;
opportunity to work, more space in which to live.&#13;
5:57&#13;
When word came that these new homes were ready,&#13;
5:59&#13;
the final movement began.&#13;
6:01&#13;
♪ (Music) ♪&#13;
6:23&#13;
At each relocation center, the evacuees were met by&#13;
6:27&#13;
an advanced contingent of Jappies who had&#13;
6:29&#13;
arrived some days earlier, and who now acted as&#13;
6:31&#13;
guides. Naturally, the newcomers looked about&#13;
6:34&#13;
with some curiosity. They were in a new area. On&#13;
6:37&#13;
land, it was raw, untamed, and full of&#13;
6:41&#13;
opportunity. Here they would build schools,&#13;
6:44&#13;
educate their children, reclaim the desert.&#13;
6:48&#13;
Their own physicians took precautions to guard&#13;
6:51&#13;
against epidemics. They opened advanced&#13;
6:54&#13;
Americanization classes for college students, who&#13;
6:56&#13;
in turn would instruct other groups.&#13;
7:01&#13;
They made a rough beginning of self-government,&#13;
7:04&#13;
for while the Army would guard the outer limits of each area,&#13;
7:08&#13;
community life and security within were largely&#13;
7:11&#13;
up to the Japanese themselves.&#13;
7:13&#13;
They immediately saw the need for developing&#13;
7:15&#13;
civic leaders. At weekly community meetings,&#13;
7:17&#13;
citations were given to the block (??) leaders who had&#13;
7:19&#13;
worked most diligently.&#13;
7:22&#13;
Special emphasis was put on the health and care of&#13;
7:25&#13;
these American children of Japanese descent.&#13;
7:28&#13;
♪ (Music) ♪&#13;
7:48&#13;
Their parents, most of whom are American citizens,&#13;
7:52&#13;
and their grandparents who are aliens, knew that they&#13;
7:55&#13;
wanted to go to work. At Manzanar, they built a lathe&#13;
7:58&#13;
house and began rooting Guayule cuttings.&#13;
8:01&#13;
The plants, when mature, will add to our rubber supply.&#13;
8:14&#13;
At Parker, they undertook the irrigation of fertile&#13;
8:17&#13;
desert lands.&#13;
8:19&#13;
Meanwhile, in areas away from the coast, and&#13;
8:21&#13;
under appropriate safeguards, many were&#13;
8:24&#13;
permitted to enter private employment,&#13;
8:26&#13;
particularly, to work in sugar beet fields, where&#13;
8:29&#13;
labor was badly needed.&#13;
8:31&#13;
Now, this brief picture is actually the prologue to&#13;
8:35&#13;
a story that is yet to be told. The full story will&#13;
8:38&#13;
begin to unfold when the raw lands of the desert&#13;
8:42&#13;
turn green, when all adult hands are in&#13;
8:45&#13;
productive work on public lands, or in private&#13;
8:47&#13;
employment. It will be fully told only when&#13;
8:51&#13;
circumstances permit the loyal American citizens&#13;
8:54&#13;
once again, to enjoy the freedom we in this&#13;
8:56&#13;
country cherish, and when the disloyal, we hope,&#13;
9:00&#13;
have left this country for good. In the&#13;
9:03&#13;
meantime, we are setting a standard for the rest&#13;
9:06&#13;
of the world in the treatment of people who may&#13;
9:08&#13;
have loyalties to an enemy nation. We are&#13;
9:11&#13;
protecting ourselves without violating the&#13;
9:13&#13;
principles of Christian decency. We won't change&#13;
9:16&#13;
this fundamental decency, no matter what our&#13;
9:19&#13;
enemies do, but of course, we hope most&#13;
9:22&#13;
earnestly, that our example will influence the&#13;
9:24&#13;
Axis powers in their treatment of Americans who&#13;
9:27&#13;
fall into their hands.&#13;
9:29&#13;
♪ (Music) ♪</text>
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                <text>Letter, Alexander Frieder to Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1945</text>
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                <text>In this letter, Dwight D. Eisenhower's old friend, Alexander Frieder, wrote that he hoped Eisenhower would not forgot German war crimes in the aftermath of World War II.</text>
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                  <text>Disability History - Fall 2023</text>
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                  <text>HIST 27/127 Fall 2023 Students: Samuel Cao, Kacey Kim</text>
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                <text>The Rolling Devils pose for a team photo</text>
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                <text>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-paralyzed-world-war-ii-veterans-invented-wheelchair-basketball-180975710/</text>
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                <text>Harms, Deborah</text>
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                <text>Winterholler family</text>
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                <text>The Rolling Devils pose for a team photo c. 1947. By the spring of 1948, World War II paralyzed veterans played a game of wheelchair basketball at New York's Madison Square Garden. With over 15, 561 boisterous spectators, the event foreshadows the movement of physically disabled individuals to reintegrate into social communities. </text>
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                <text>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-paralyzed-world-war-ii-veterans-invented-wheelchair-basketball-180975710/</text>
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