Payton Stewart (Bibliography)
Secondary Sources:
Minichiello, Susan. “A Look Back: Man Who Shot, Killed Unarmed Native American Activist Acquitted by All-White Jury in 1973.” Pressdemocrat.com, May 13, 2021. https://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/news/man-who-shot-killed-unarmed-native-american-activist-acquitted-by-all-whit/.
This article discusses the assassination of Richard Oakes and includes transcripts from the court hearing of his killer along with testimony and other quotes from Oakes' widow, Anne. The article and court transcript include key details about the murder of Oakes and its location, along with personal notes from his closest people.
Guevarra, Ericka Cruz, Alan Montecillo, and Maria Esquinca. “The Untold Story of Richard Oakes’ Killing, Part 1.” KQED, October 9, 2023. https://www.kqed.org/news/11963726/the-killing-of-richard-oakes-part-1-life-after-alcatraz.
This transcript includes an interview conducted with Oakes before his fatal shooting in 1973, as well as a post mortem discussion of the events of the assassination featuring highly detailed information
Johnson, Troy R. The occupation of Alcatraz Island: Indian self-determination and the rise of Indian activism. Urbana (Ill.): University of Illinois Press, 1996.
Troy Johnson is one of the premier writers on the Alcatraz Occupation, and his book The occupation of Alcatraz Island: Indian self-determination and the rise of Indian activism helps to begin our understanding of how Alcatraz impacted later native Civil rights movements
Johnson, Troy R., Joane Nagel, and Duane Champagne. American Indian Activism: Alcatraz to the Longest Walk. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
This is Johnson’s second book on the events of the 1969 Alcatraz Occupation which looks more at the lasting impacts of Alcatraz on the Red Power and AIM movements. It also looks at some of the other major turning points in Native Civil Rights.
Brice, Anne. “Exploring the Sound of the American Indian Occupation of Alcatraz.” Berkeley, November 7, 2022. https://news.berkeley.edu/2022/11/08/sound-and-music-of-alcatraz-occupation.
This source serves to help understand the impact of music and how it was used in the Alcatraz Occupation of 1969.
“Alcatraz Occupation.” National Parks Service. Accessed October 27, 2023. https://www.nps.gov/goga/learn/historyculture/alcatraz-occupation.htm.
The National Parks service website is an excellent resource for contextualizing the history of the Alcatraz Occupation specifically. While the resource does not analyze the lasting impacts of the IAT operation on Alcatraz, the site is a great source for a general understanding.
BIGGS, LOIS. 2019. “‘A Tribe Is an Island:’ Placemaking, Protest, and the Alcatraz Occupation.” Journal of Politics & Society 30 (1): 30–46. https://search-ebscohost-com.libproxy.scu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=poh&AN=142017113&site=eds-live.
The Biggs article covers the aesthetics of the Alcatraz movement, and how those would go on to influence later native movements. The “essay sets forth an understanding of the relationship between decolonial politics and visual culture.”
Bertaud-Gandar, Rhiannon. 2016. “Laying Claim: Framing the Occupation of Alcatraz in the Indians of ‘All Tribes Alcatraz Newsletter.’” Australasian Journal of American Studies 35 (1): 125–42. https://search-ebscohost-com.libproxy.scu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.44779774&site=eds-live.
This research paper covers the often overlooked IAT (Indians of All Tribes) newsletter, bringing a new dimension to our understanding of the primary sources and the natives ideas about what their movement would ultimately afford them.
Kelly, Casey Ryan. 2014. “Détournement, Decolonization, and the American Indian Occupation of Alcatraz Island (1969-1971).” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 44 (2): 168–90. https://search-ebscohost-com.libproxy.scu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.24753612&site=eds-live.
The Kelly source takes a look at the rhetoric of the IAT (she calls them IAOT) and how their use of “ the rhetoric of détournement, a subversive misappropriation of dominant discourse that disassembles and imitates texts until they clearly display their oppressive qualities.” enabled them to call for a skeptical and irreverent reading of modern discourse.
Chavers, Dean. 2019. “Alcatraz Is Not an Island.” World Literature Today 93 (4): 61–64. doi:10.7588/worllitetoda.93.4.0061. https://search-ebscohost-com.libproxy.scu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mlf&AN=EIS138561242&site=eds-live.
This secondary source helps to contextualize the different groups of people who were participating in the Alcatraz Occupation (1969-1971), giving a detailed record of the different students who attempted to take the former prison. Chavers continues to elaborate on the importance of the Alcatraz Occupation itself in the rest of the essay, contextualized within the greater framework of Native Civil rights.
Primary Sources:
Senate Judiciary Committee, 1976 Senate Judiciary Committee report on revolutionary activities within the American Indian Movement, 1976. https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-american-indian-movement-1968-1978/sources/1335.
This primary source helps to contextualize the conspiratorial nature of government thought about the Native Civil Rights movement, comparing them to many other terrorist groups and otherwise factional ideologies.
Morris, Joseph. “Alcatraz Proved a Point.” 1971. National Parks Service. Accessed October 27, 2023. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/redpower50.htm#:~:text=Alcatraz%20Proved%20A%20Point,Native%20American%20culture%20and%20identity.
This primary source is a poster which shows the many other Native injustices undertaken throughout the U.S. in the 19th and 20th centuries juxtaposed with a native holding his ground at Alcatraz.
Golden Gate NRA. “Native Americans Celebrating Thanksgiving at Alcatraz.” 1969-11-22. Accessed October 27, 2023. https://www.nps.gov/media/photo/gallery-item.htm?id=FB4FE638-155D-4519-3EE8FF1C42DBAC1C&gid=8ED62F03-155D-4519-3E4A2F88E55F84CB.
This primary source shows the 1969 celebration of Thanksgiving on Alcatraz by IAT members and their families. This helps to show the humanity of the movement and express the cruelty of the government who evicted them from the island.
New York Times. “Leader in Occupation Of Alcatraz Shot Dead”, September 21, 1972. https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/21/archives/leader-in-occupation-of-alcatraz-shot-dead.html.
This primary source is the New York Times article which accompanied Richard Oakes (one of the Alcatraz Occupation’s leaders) assassination in 1972. The article is one of the few outlets which reported on the famous protester’s untimely demise at the time.
Hartmann, Ilka. “Alcatraz Proclamation.” FoundSF, October 1969. https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=ALCATRAZ_Proclamation#:~:text=The%20proclamation%20of%20the%20Indians,Indians%20by%20right%20of%20discovery.
The Alcatraz Proclamation was a large piece of stretched rawhide upon which was inscribed the goals of the IAT with their Alcatraz Occupation in 1969. While their ultimate efforts would go unsuccessful it is ideas like those expressed on the proclamation that would go on to inspire future native movements.
Multimedia Sources:
“American Indians Arrested & Taken Off Alcatraz Island.” KRON-TV. San Francisco State Univ., June 11, 1971. https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/238480.
Soberanes, Bill. “Richard Oakes Final Interviews and Obituary.” Newspapers.com, September 21, 1972. https://www.newspapers.com/article/petaluma-argus-courier/13872668/.
“Ilka Hartmann Photography - Indian America - the Occupation of Alcatraz: 1969•1971.” Photography - Indian America - The Occupation of Alcatraz: 1969•1971. Accessed October 27, 2023. http://ilkahartmann.squarespace.com/indian-america/the-occupation-of-alcatraz-19691971/